Henry's progression towards a more humane personality, however, is sharply interrupted when Katherine's scandalous past is revealed, which convinces him to coldly annul their marriage despite her pleas; when further investigation reveals Katherine's adultery, Henry goes into his characteristic fury once more, having her and all those involved in her affairs executed. [citation needed] The marriage unified the warring houses and gave his children a strong claim to the throne. Katherine was Gaunt's mistress for about 25 years. Biographical information After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection process. His first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the "English sweating sickness". Henry's affections begin shifting as the Seymour family is awarded new and more luxurious rooms at Court, replacing the Boleyns as the new royal favourites. Season One focuses mostly on Henry's Annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. This is how season 2 ends. Catherine is also resentful of the King's anti-Spanish minister Cardinal Wolsey. Despite his deeply flawed personality and impulsive nature, Henry is actually quite well-educated for his time; while he is rather oblivious to the rivalries and motivations behind them that plague his court and council, he keeps himself well-informed on matters of state and governance, and understands what he is talking about. Her demure nature and dumb mind made her pleasing to Henry; it gave him a rest after the lively and shrewd Anne Boleyn. During Season Four, with Henry's counselors divided based on their religious allegiance (and Henry himself indifferent to their rivalry) there is no clearly indicated "First Minister", although Thomas Wriothesley comes close to assuming the role before ceding dominance in the council to Edward Seymour shortly before Henry's death. At the end of the final episode, a dying Henry is shown Hans Holbein's portrait of him in his classic 'man of destiny' pose; Henry's final words of the series are "Master Holbein... it is well done.". The king made him Duke of Suffolk in Wolsey, Wolsey, Wolsey!. Originally, this role is indisputably held by Cardinal Wolsey, who falls from favor at the end of Season One. [citation needed], In addition, Henry had Parliament repeal Titulus Regius, the statute that declared Edward IV's marriage invalid and his children illegitimate, thus legitimising his wife. Henry talking with Cardinal Wolsey in Season One. This alliance is never favored by Henry, and as soon as Spain and France begin attacking each other again he abandons it and annuls his marriage. Charles V and Francis I are both urged by the Pope to make a joint invasion of England, with the intention of putting Henry's Plantagenent cousin, Cardinal Reginald Pole, on the throne to restore Catholic rule by force. Henry's return to Wales was regarded by some as the fulfilment of a Messianic prophecy. Unknown to Henry, Elizabeth would prove a more ideal ruler than the son he constantly sought for, and in fact a much better ruler than Henry himself- she was the true success story of the Tudor dynasty, even if she was also the end of it. After almost a year into her marriage to Henry, Jane subtly implies her pregnancy by her craving quail eggs. Status Henry is increasingly put off by Anne's more negative traits after her miscarriage, since (like him) she has a short temper and is extremely jealous, unwilling to endure his mistresses as Catherine always did; he also begins to resent her for her unpopularity and her outspoken nature, since he expected her to play a more submissive, ceremonial role once she was Queen. She is the last Plantagenet, executed on the orders of the Henry VIII. [4] Henry IV's action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an Act of Parliament, but it further weakened Henry's claim. Her repressive religious policies- which included the burning of many Protestant martyrs- earned her the epithet "Bloody Mary" and her marriage to the King of Spain quickly undid much of her support in England. There were too many powerful noblemen and, as a consequence of the system of so-called bastard feudalism, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (mercenaries masquerading as servants). The type of love Henry loved Catherine with was "true love". Running Press. [citation needed], Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Katherine Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than under Henry's reign. During Season Two when he is knocked unconscious during a jousting match in episode 2.08, an old wound on Henry's leg re-opens and becomes infected; the wound would periodically give Henry ulcers and bouts of illness for the rest of his life, causing him excruciating pain and shortening his temper still further. When Cromwell, knowing Henry wants to marry Jane in Anne's place, hatches a plot to implicate Anne in false accusations of adultery, Henry is quick to believe them and has her sentenced to death; his initial furious reaction at her 'crimes' is so strong that he has the marriage nullified and disowns his and Anne's now-bastardized daughter, Elizabeth. Despite Henry's outward good cheer, he begins to show some repentance for his many of his past actions of cruelty- and regret for those he has lost through it, especially his wives. She became what he desired. Henry also had at least one bastard son, Duke Henry Fitzroy of Richmond (by one of his mistresses, Elizabeth Blount) who died at age 16 (in the series he dies as a little boy) and may have had other illegitimate children. Henry seems to reconcile with her somewhat during 2.07 (partly because she is pregnant for a third time) but he is also developing an unusual interest in Lady Jane Seymour, to Anne's irritation and the alarm of her family. Prompted by her father, she reluctantly approves of Henry having a mistress as long as they are her choice, but Henry continues to gradually drift away from her, especially after her second pregnancy ends in miscarriage. Henry VII, his son Henry VIII and his three children Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I ruled for … [62][63] Of all British kings, Henry VII is one of only a handful that never had any known mistress, and for the times, it is very unusual that he did not remarry: his son, Henry, was the only heir left and the death of Arthur put the position of the House of Tudor in a more precarious political position. Henry showed remarkable clemency to the surviving rebels: he pardoned Kildare and the other Irish nobles, and he made the boy, Simnel, a servant in the royal kitchen where he was in charge of roasting meats on a spit. Jonathan Rhys Meyers Considering that Catherine was never anything but devoted to him (despite their increasing arguments) even Henry clearly felt guilty about annulling their marriage, as he was visibly choking back tears when he informed Catherine. Thus, a small band of scouts rescued Henry. The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke. It also provoked a massive uprising in Season Three in the form of the Pilgrimage of Grace, though this was ultimately, and brutally, repressed. When, in episode 1.05, she outright refused to be his official mistress, saying she would only give in to her husband, Henry became upset; Anne, realizing the strength of Henry's passion for her, began to fall in love with him in turn. The treaty marks a shift from neutrality over the French invasion of Brittany to active intervention against it. [32] However, he spared Warwick's elder sister Margaret. He attained the throne when his forces, supported by France, Scotland, and Wales, defeated Edward IV's brother Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. [25] Henry secured his crown principally by dividing and undermining the power of the nobility, especially through the aggressive use of bonds and recognisances to secure loyalty. While Henry had accomplished his goal of siring the long-awaited Crown Prince, he was always focused on as many children as possible. [30], When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (Chamberlain of the Household, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around £10,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. Wales was historically a Lancastrian stronghold, and Henry owed the support he gathered to his Welsh birth and ancestry, being directly descended, through his father, from Rhys ap Gruffydd. He enjoys this power, and it's almost psychotic. [50], In 1506, Henry extorted the Treaty of Windsor from Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy. Henry VII (Welsh: Harri Tudur; 28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death. Impatient to bring an end to his "Great Matter" Henry resorts to increasingly unorthodox and unscrupulous means to coerce Catherine into going along with the divorce, including attempting to guilt-trip her or persuade her to enter a nunnery; despite being unwilling to defy Henry, Catherine adamantly maintains she is his legitimate wife and would not damn herself by claiming otherwise. Although she has learned to (reluctantly) accept Henry's infidelities, since he always discards his mistresses in the end, Catherine is grieved over her inability to give him a son and fears Henry may try to divorce her. Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy. Henry's father, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, a half-brother of Henry VI of England and descendant of the Welsh Tudors of Penmynydd, died three months before his son Henry was born. When More and Cardinal John Fisher also refuse to take the Oath, Henry has them executed- despite the fact that More was one of his closest friends. [28], Next, in 1487, Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of Lambert Simnel, a boy they claimed to be Edward of Warwick (who was actually a prisoner in the Tower). His affair with the beautiful Anne Boleyn. Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. When Henry recovers from his depression, he becomes determined to return (for the most part) to the Catholic doctrine he formerly devoted himself to, to the horror of Cromwell. The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. It proves he is capable of siring male children (he viewed the alternative as a slight on his manhood) and allows him to conveniently blame Catherine of Aragon. Although he almost never discusses her again, Henry continues to remember his relationship with Anne with conflicted feelings, which influence his awkward relationship with their daughter Elizabeth. Henry first sees Anne at the summit he holds with King Francis, but doesn't think much of her. Although Henry largely takes the side of the Catholics (as he does not intend to allow any further reforms) he is angered by the constant conflicts at his Court and publicly asks both factions to reconcile. After getting pregnant again, Anne catches Henry kissing Jane Seymour, a woman who has been made Anne's lady-in-waiting, and goes into shock, miscarrying Henry's male child. As a young woman she is banished from Court and made to be a nursemaid to her half-sister Elizabeth. Henry's beard indicates that he and Anne have been together for a few years now. [19] Thus, anyone who had fought for Richard against him would be guilty of treason and Henry could legally confiscate the lands and property of Richard III, while restoring his own. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidised shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy (he commissioned Europe's first ever – and the world's oldest surviving – dry dock at Portsmouth in 1495) and improving trading opportunities. "The English Nero" (by the French in Season Four)"The Young Lion" (in Season One)"Harry" (by Thomas More)His Majesty [citation needed], After 1503, records show the Tower of London was never again used as a royal residence by Henry Tudor, and all royal births under Henry VIII took place in palaces. He was once his brother in law when Charles married his sister in Season one episode five. One of their sons was Edmund, Henry's father. Henry's relationships with his children are complex, but he genuinely loves all them and is nearly always concerned with their well-being and futures (though there are notable exceptions with his daughters during Seasons Two and Three). ISBN 0-7867-1104-3. [citation needed], All Acts of Parliament were overseen by the Justices of the Peace. Henry also makes a powerful gesture of fatherly love to his daughters in Season Four, one that would have world-changing results historically: he restored Mary, and Elizabeth after her, to the line of Succession after their brother, should he die childless while King. Until the death of his wife, the evidence is clear from these accounting books that Henry Tudor was a more doting father and husband than was widely known and there is evidence that his outwardly austere personality belied a devotion to his family. Herbert was captured fighting for the Yorkists and executed by Warwick. Henry VIII is the best known of the Tudor Monarchs, he was the second son of Henry … [citation needed] The first was the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, abetted by Viscount Lovell, which collapsed without fighting. Henry's passions never truly die; he shows overwhelming grief on the death of his third and most beloved Queen, Jane Seymour, and shows eventual regret over the deaths of his first and second Queens (Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn) despite both marriages having ended badly. By Season One, Henry's relationship with Catherine is quite deteriorated, though outwardly they present a happy appearance to the world. Henry originally became interested in Catherine while she was married (though her husband was clearly dying) and she was infatuated with another man at the time. Henry VIII’s legacy remains bold, his stature towering, his life the stuff of legend, his reign consequential beyond a doubt. Anne tells Henry, "you have no-one to blame but yourself for this!" During this time Cardinal Wolsey rose to become the power behind his throne, ruling ruthlessly and nearly absolutely while Henry … At the same time, Flemish merchants were ejected from England. Henry still feels some guilt for what he is doing, but he becomes angry, fearful and resentful towards his wife for her popularity and her unwillingness to yield. Henry VIII's Sister Mary Tudor's secret marriage brought on the ire of the king. [citation needed], By 1483, Henry's mother was actively promoting him as an alternative to Richard III, despite her being married to Lord Stanley, a Yorkist.
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