JAD: What David means is it 12 different kinds of HIV viruses have spilled over 12 different times. I'm not a sick person. He was hunting. When it replicates within a single patient, it copies itself imprecisely. JAD: Or her first high-five. And the real question is, how do we stop patient zeros? Yep. So that's that. DAVID QUAMMEN: You can hypothesize. That doesn't quite sound right. JAD: From the molecular clock, we know it was less than a million years. And ... SEAN: If this is where her cabin was, then one window of it looked exactly onto Manhattan. 1-month free trial! It's either gonna burn out and come to an end or we're gonna stop it. ROBERT: Well, if -- if something is in the closet and is going to jump out at you, then the natural question to ask is where's the closet? The president is trapped aboard as the jet heads toward the heart of New York City. ROBERT: No, I don't think so. Millions will die unless Joe Ledger meets the this powerful new enemy on their own terms as he fights terror with terror. Like, where is it hiding? And when you look into the details, they tell us some very difficult things about who we were and who we still are in a lot of ways. And so the amount of changes that you see out there, the diversity, really, of the viruses in the AIDS population, well that becomes really good information. JAD: Huh. the picnicked crowd, each one carrying a powerful bomb. And, you know, you'll hear all that. Because really, when do you need a high-five? Put on music. That implies that some of the things you've said are right, though. Starting us off today are our producers Lynn Levy and Sean Cole. What happens is that the virus in the chimpanzee blood found itself in an environment that was unexpected, that was alien to it, but was not too much different from the biochemical environment it had been in, chimpanzee blood. JAD: So suppose on one side of the cell, you've got the mangabey virus, and on the other side of the same cell you've got the spot-nosed guenon virus. The identity of "Patient Zero" - the first human case of the virus - has still not been confirmed, and it is possible that the dataset isn't complete. READ M… And he says to fully understand this part of the patient -- or rather chimp zero narrative, you have to grasp how it is that chimps hunt. And so a group of scientists began to look at ... DAVID QUAMMEN: The amount of diversity among HIV patients in the US. The secrets of the Assassin’s Code will set the world ablaze. That's the big question for Ebola 2014. But what we do know is that he was not patient zero. Is that what he said? Glenn Burke was a center fielder for the LA Dodgers in the '70s. Is that the more opportunities you have to have a good mutation from your point of view, that this is suddenly -- this disease has gotten an enormous number of opportunities? JON MOOALLEM: Exactly. The president is, as the jet heads toward the heart of New York City. In 1961, a nurse in Chicago died of Kaposi's sarcoma.]. A lot of times he didn't sleep well at night, and we would sit up and talk. Yes. Millions will die unless Joe Ledger meets the this powerful new enemy on their own terms as he fights terror, Joe Ledger and the Department of Military Sciences  rush headlong into the heat of the world’s strangest and deadliest arms race, because the global race to recover and retro-engineer alien technologies has just hit a snag. CARL ZIMMER: And other parts of the world. The Sangha becomes a bigger river 200 meters wide, which then flows to the Congo River, the big river. She had broken her parole.]. Special thanks to Mike Seller, Chris Kondian, Sidney Smith, Ben Feldman ...], That's my story and I'm sticking to it. Join the Hunt! What -- this is not a fair question to ask you, but what should we be doing? He ends up in Oakland. Even though I was sad, it seemed like okay, here's another person's prideful accomplishment. The disease is always in her, but sometimes she excretes it and sometimes she doesn't. And then you read this and you thought what? I mean, some of these places -- I work in some places in Democratic Republic of Congo, you basically have to fly in to get there. And I danced, and he'd move his arms around because he was in the bed. Joe Ledger and his team go on a wild hunt to stop the terrorists and uncover the global super-power secretly funding them. JAD: Some researchers found a virus like it in macaque monkeys. He was bedridden. 1900. JAD: And interestingly, she says they would high-five more when a player screwed up. When you have to kill the same terrorist twice in one week there's either something wrong with your world or something wrong with your skills... and there's nothing wrong with Joe Ledger's skills. We'll be back in just a moment. First of all, how old is this disease? It's had the longest time to become diverse, to mutate, to evolve. Which is really just a little string of genetic code that gets into your body and into your cells and uses your cells to make copies of itself. JUDY LEVITT: Something like it was like being in a cage with an angry lion. Bye.]. And that means that when Ebola gets into us, it has no great future. JAD: The other guy in the picture is Dusty Baker. These are almost certainly what we call primary transmission events. Why wouldn't this guy be patient seven million? DAVID QUAMMEN: Most mutations are either insignificant or they do damage. SEAN: This is from an article Soper wrote called The Curious Case of Typhoid Mary. JAD: In this new sample, it was from the same town, Kinshasa, as the first. This time it's the Ebola virus. Isn't this all, like, an indication to you that it -- it's maybe -- it's one of those things that probably was there at the dawn of man? They hijack these enzymes to make copies of themselves. I think it was more about making people feel safe than actually making them safe. Mamaroneck. But you can tell in the picture just from the way that Glenn is sort of throwing his whole body forward that he's the one initiating the gesture. Yes, every time it replicates there is a chance of a mistake. Any time I see somebody do a high-five, it just really makes me happy. ROBERT: He's the guy they'd send out to all the press events. JAD: But then the question was well, which chips, or rather where? JON MOOALLEM: Hi. Hello, Five. NATHAN WOLFE: In the Kibale National Forest in -- in southwestern Uganda. JAD: Because if you want to make a movie about the start of it, well, this is not the start. Ledger - it's already hit the fan. Now we got to investigate that. NATHAN WOLFE: The chimpanzee was going after an organ, you know, that -- that obviously was a tasty morsel that he was going after. He would sleep with a male partner at a bathhouse in San Francisco or somewhere else. If you really honestly want to get to the bottom of who invented the high-five? Directed by Kaare Andrews. So if you want to really -- if you want to get to the real patient zero as it were, the most interesting stuff come -- actually comes from Africa. And they came across this guy Lamont Sleets. She must have thought ... What? Yeah. JAD: I think, you know what you do is you just choose. If we had to guess, that human was probably a Bantu man living very near the forest or in the forest in southeastern Cameroon. Thanks to Nathan Wolfe. And it's a story that I want to re-imagine right now. MAN: It's a weird Island. JUDY LEVITT: And they couldn't figure out what had caused the disease, so they called in this sanitary engineer named George Soper. Bingo here's a big pile of meat. Guerilla Games’ upscaled to a 5-floor office in Amsterdam in early 2019, with the new office location sitting on a whopping 7,300 square meters of space. Well, it was one room. No, no. So Robert and I called up David Quammen again. And in 1994, Burke is diagnosed with -- with HIV or AIDS. On opening day of the new baseball season a small model-kit airplane flies. This is a larger primate. And this is something he witnessed. I feel fine. And he tried to keep that a secret while he was playing. We found a whole range of new retro viruses that were moving over into these hunters. JAD: And so for a while, you had all these new patient zeros. LUTHA BURKE DAVIS: He just had that type of charisma. ROBERT: And how exactly do we know that Gaëtan Dugas wasn't patient zero? And for this next segment, no more patients. The death toll soars as the machines we depend upon every day are turned into engines of destruction. They, desperate search for the secret to this new technology and the madmen behind it. And this is where she was for the last six years of her life. His sister died, his grandmother died, other people in the village died. So we need to end this outbreak in West Africa before this virus learns too much about us. JAD: See, one morning a few years ago ... JAD: Jon turned on his computer, opened up his email and found ... JON MOOALLEM: A press release about the -- the true undisputed inventor of the high-five coming, you know, out finally. And that was the only one for a number of years. Radiolab is produced by Jad Abumrad. Oh look out for this stair. ... to the second virus, and just keep on copying. To get at that answer, you have to look beyond human beings. [MOVIE CLIP: My friend, we're talking about thousands of men whose faces I cannot even remember and you want names.]. And what can we say about this guy? Greg is one of the founders, and he and Jon gets talking. So maybe I should tell you a little bit about Derek Smith, right? We're calling this show ... JAD: Yeah. JON MOOALLEM: They told the story of Lamont Sleets. And they all had one thing in common. There is no other virus that is any closer. And in fact, their kids and grandkids do talk about it. They gave -- they set her up with a job as a laundress and they went, "Here you go, Mary." And in the end, you can use these two samples to wind the clock all the way back to the virus that started it all. Yeah, they've looked in lots -- they've looked in all kinds of animals. So one way to try to figure out its origins there is to go looking for the virus. Please swipe or click the buttons to navigate. ], [DAVID ROSNER: Radiolab is produced by WNYC and distributed by NPR. Buy from your favorite indie booksellerBuy from Mysterious GalaxyBuy from PowellsBuy from AmazonBuy from Barnes & Noble Buy from the publisherBuy the audio. Somehow, scientists unearthed a very old tube of blood from hospital in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo. From there, scientists were able to trace the virus back to Haiti and from Haiti back to Africa. JAD: But did she have typhoid? JAD: And the chimp's immune system would normally kill them. DAVID QUAMMEN: He was not the beginning point. It's a little piece of calico kind of stuck in a doorway. You know, any place is -- that you're not free to leave becomes like a prison. And in this hour ... JAD: A series of stories that all hew to that delicious story archetype we call ... JAD: We'll try to trace ideas and trends and massive social traumas like pandemics back to that one person. They gave -- they set her up with a job as a laundress and they went, "Here you go, Mary." ], [ARCHIVE CLIP: Winter, 1907. And from there on, the Dodgers started high-fiving and everyone else started high-fiving. It landed on the exact right combination of genes that allowed it to evade the chimp's immune system. NATHAN WOLFE: But then once in a blue moon ... JAD: Something crazy happens. They happen at a predictable rate. Like that. One terrifying side-effect of the weapon is that prior to the devastation, the vibrations drive ordinary people to suicide and violence. And -- and the monkey was screaming bloody murder. On the other hand, this guy's life, the way he died. ROBERT: Burke comes racing out of the dugout ... JON MOOALLEM: And he's got his arm really high up, and Baker ... JAD: Sees him, instinctively raises his arm, and before you know it ... JON MOOALLEM: Burke and Baker smack hands. And I think we can do that. We continue to find viruses that are completely novel, and we're looking to determine if these are -- if these are the next HIV. And he gets blood-to-blood contact. The other guy in the picture is Dusty Baker. Can we do that and see whether it's changing? JAD: Pretty soon, it was all over the place. Yeah. The cells don't look the same. And I danced, and he'd move his arms around because he was in the bed. Up high." CARL ZIMMER: But the real definitive blow to this whole patient zero nonsense came by actually looking at the virus itself. You can hypothesize. JAD: In 1984, same year that Gaëtan Dugas died, scientists isolate the virus. About six out of eleven in the family gets sick. This had been taken from a Bantu man in 1959. Until now. But ... NATHAN WOLFE: Many of these places, they still have cellphone towers. LUTHA BURKE DAVIS: You know, like meet the youngsters, or ... JON MOOALLEM: Here's the story about this picture. as part of the 1st Battalion 5th Infantry, which was nicknamed The Five. Like, he's only read about this. His wife emailed us and said some of the details that you have are flat out wrong. And with the two of them, then you can kind of go back in time. And then the health department sends in this female doctor ... By the name of S. Josephine Baker. What movie can we make about the beginning of the AIDS epidemic? But, you know, at least he was still gonna be able to play ball. This had been taken from a Bantu man in 1959. ROBERT: And the more diversity, the longer the virus has been around. [60 MINUTES CLIP: He was a French-Canadian. And then on the other side of the island, there's smaller wooden buildings that are crushed. Why has it gotten out of control? JUDY LEVITT: And so they drag her out and she comes out kicking and screaming and ... JUDY LEVITT: It takes all of them to drag her out. I mean, they didn't regularly offer their players money to get -- to get married. I told him that he was getting other people sick with it. One terrifying side-effect of the weapon is that prior to the devastation, the vibrations drive ordinary people to suicide and violence. And one individual managed to grab two juveniles, and then the three individuals all met up and ... Began to eat the monkey while it was still alive. She had abused her privilege. In the meantime, here's the show. So we need to end this outbreak in West Africa before this virus learns too much about us. Still, there are of all these questions as to whether any of this is legal. In January 2017, the film was removed from the release schedule. How's that for a phrase? Maybe this particular virus evolved in a way that made it more transmissible in humans. SEAN: We're in the hospital where the tuberculosis patients were quarantined. Finally, you get one particular mosaic virus between the mangabey and the guenon. He actually found the virus lurking in a tiny bit of human tissue that was preserved in paraffin wax. And each one of those was negative. And this is something he witnessed. It has become PREDATOR ON, For a list of all the Joe Ledger novels and stories in chronological reading order, go. Yeah. JAD: And so you took care of him 'til he died? DAVID QUAMMEN: Yeah. CARL ZIMMER: Epidemiologists were trying to figure out where ... CARL ZIMMER: And they were thinking like, "Well, maybe it's a sexually-transmitted disease. She must have thought ... DAVID ROSNER: What? So can you reconstruct the spillover and the who that it spilled over into, as best -- you know, as best as we understand it? It pops up in the NCAA tournament every few years. This means we could be seeing a much denser world, saturated with limitless collectables and side-quests for Aloy to uncover, as well as deeper AI ecosystems between the robots and wildlife.